Medication Summary

Try carnitine supplementation in patients with evident hypocarnitinemia and continue if symptoms improve; however, start carnitine supplementation with caution during acute fulminant symptoms because of the potential risk of cardiac arrhythmias.

Several novel therapies^[40]are currently under development, as follows:

Ketone body replacement therapy has shown a positive effect on numerous LCHADD symptoms, including motor development, liver size, and leukodystrophy.
Triheptanoin improves biochemical abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, and hypoglycemia in patients with LCHAD deficiency.
Other potential therapies include gene therapy and bezafibrates, the latter of which promotes transcription of fatty acid oxidation genes.

Class Summary

L-carnitine at high doses corrects the metabolic abnormalities and hypocarnitinemia present in cases of LCHAD deficiency. It may be important for the conjugation and excretion of fatty acids, for the enhancement of the excretion of toxic metabolites, and to generate free CoA; however, use with extreme caution during acute metabolic crises.

Levocarnitine (Carnitor)

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An amino acid derivative synthesized from methionine and lysine, required in energy metabolism. Can promote excretion of excess fatty acids in patients with defects in fatty acid metabolism or specific organic acidopathies, which bioaccumulate acyl CoA esters. Normal levels occur in liver, and mild level increases occur in skeletal muscle.

High doses are able to restore the level of free carnitine in plasma to normal, and many patients improve with this therapy; however, the concentration of long-chain acyl-carnitines increases, which can be detrimental and cause serious cardiac arrhythmias in fulminant crises.

Use in long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (eg, LCHAD deficiency, MTP deficiency) is a matter of continued debate, mainly during acute fulminant crises when it enhances the formation of long-chain acylcarnitines, which may cause ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

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Media Gallery

Schematic demonstrating mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation and effects of long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) deficiency.

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Author

Anna V Blenda, PhD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville

Anna V Blenda, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, American Society for Microbiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Margaret M McGovern, MD, PhD Professor and Chair of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine

Margaret M McGovern, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Human Genetics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Luis O Rohena, MD, PhD, FAAP, FACMG Deputy Chief, Department of Pediatrics, Chief, Medical Genetics, San Antonio Military Medical Center; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F Edward Hebert School of Medicine; Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Luis O Rohena, MD, PhD, FAAP, FACMG is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Chemical Society, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, American Society of Human Genetics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Fernando Scaglia, MD, FACMG Professor of Genetics, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital

Fernando Scaglia, MD, FACMG is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, American Society of Human Genetics, Society for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karl S Roth, MD Retired Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine

Karl S Roth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Nutrition, American Society of Nephrology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.