Mojave Rattlesnake Envenomation Differential Diagnoses

1. French WJ, Hayes WK, Bush SP, Cardwell MD, Bader JO, Rael ED. Mojave toxin in venom of Crotalus helleri (Southern Pacific Rattlesnake): molecular and geographic characterization. Toxicon. 2004 Dec 1. 44(7):781-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Farstad D, Thomas T, Chow T, Bush S, Stiegler P. Mojave rattlesnake envenomation in southern California: a review of suspected cases. Wilderness Environ Med. 1997 May. 8(2):89-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Hardy DL. Envenomation by the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in southern Arizona, U.S.A. Toxicon. 1983. 21(1):111-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Hardy DL. Fatal rattlesnake envenomation in Arizona: 1969-1984. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1986. 24(1):1-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Wingert WA, Chan L. Rattlesnake bites in southern California and rationale for recommended treatment. West J Med. 1988 Jan. 148(1):37-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Glenn JL, Straight RC. Intergradation of two different venom populations of the Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) in Arizona. Toxicon. 1989. 27(4):411-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Bush SP, Jansen PW. Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Jun. 25(6):845-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Bush SP, Jansen PW. Severe rattlesnake envenomation with anaphylaxis and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Jun. 25(6):845-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Jansen PW, Perkin RM, Van Stralen D. Mojave rattlesnake envenomation: prolonged neurotoxicity and rhabdomyolysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Mar. 21(3):322-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, Green J, Rumack BH, Heard SE. 2006 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2007 Dec. 45(8):815-917. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, Fraser MO, Banner W. 2016 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 34th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017 Dec. 55 (10):1072-1252. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Massey DJ, Calvete JJ, Sánchez EE, Sanz L, Richards K, Curtis R, et al. Venom variability and envenoming severity outcomes of the Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus (Mojave rattlesnake) from Southern Arizona. J Proteomics. 2012 May 17. 75(9):2576-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Carroll RR, Hall EL, Kitchens CS. Canebrake rattlesnake envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Jul. 30(1):45-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Bush SP. Snakebite suction devices don't remove venom: they just suck. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb. 43(2):187-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Bush SP, Hegewald KG, Green SM, Cardwell MD, Hayes WK. Effects of a negative pressure venom extraction device (Extractor) on local tissue injury after artificial rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. Wilderness Environ Med. 2000 Fall. 11(3):180-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Bush SP, Green SM, Laack TA, Hayes WK, Cardwell MD, Tanen DA. Pressure immobilization delays mortality and increases intracompartmental pressure after artificial intramuscular rattlesnake envenomation in a porcine model. Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Dec. 44(6):599-604. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Bush SP, Cardwell MD. Mojave rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus) identification. Wilderness Environ Med. 1999 Spring. 10(1):6-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Gerardo CJ, Quackenbush E, Lewis B, Rose SR, Greene S, Toschlog EA, et al. The Efficacy of Crotalidae Polyvalent Immune Fab (Ovine) Antivenom Versus Placebo Plus Optional Rescue Therapy on Recovery From Copperhead Snake Envenomation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Aug. 70 (2):233-244.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Carstairs SD, Kreshak AA, Tanen DA. Crotaline Fab antivenom reverses platelet dysfunction induced by Crotalus scutulatus venom: an in vitro study. Acad Emerg Med. 2013 May. 20(5):522-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. León G, Segura A, Herrera M, Otero R, França FO, Barbaro KC, et al. Human heterophilic antibodies against equine immunoglobulins: assessment of their role in the early adverse reactions to antivenom administration. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Nov. 102 (11):1115-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Sean P Bush, MD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

Sean P Bush, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, International Society on Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart and St Joseph's Hospitals

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James Steven Walker, DO, MS Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

James Steven Walker, DO, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joe Alcock, MD, MS Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center

Joe Alcock, MD, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert L Norris, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center

Robert L Norris, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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