Zika Virus Differential Diagnoses

1. Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2015. Vol 2:

2. Masmejan S, Musso D, Vouga M, Pomar L, Dashraath P, Stojanov M, et al. Zika Virus. Pathogens. 2020 Oct 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. The history of Zika virus. WHO. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-history-of-zika-virus. 7 February 2016;

4. Besnard M, Lastere S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau V, Musso D. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Apr 3. 19 (13):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Duffy MR, Chen TH, Hancock WT, Powers AM, Kool JL, Lanciotti RS, et al. Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia. N Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 11. 360 (24):2536-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Gulland A. Zika virus is a global public health emergency, declares WHO. BMJ. 02 February 2016. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. CDC. Available at https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/zika-information. December 10, 2020;

8. Sirohi D, Chen Z, Sun L, Klose T, Pierson TC, Rossmann MG, et al. The 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus. Science. 2016 Mar 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Silva, N.M.; Santos, N.C.; Martins, I.C. Dengue and Zika Viruses: Epidemiological History, Potential Therapies, and Promising Vaccines. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Tang H, Hammack C, Ogden SC, Wen Z, Qian X, Li Y, et al. Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth. Cell Stem Cell. 2016 May 5. 18(5):587-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Serman TM, Gack MU. Evasion of Innate and Intrinsic Antiviral Pathways by the Zika Virus. Viruses. 2019 Oct 22. 11(10):970. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Zika epidemiology update. WHO. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/zika-epidemiology-update.. July 2019;

13. Dick GW. Epidemiological notes on some viruses isolated in Uganda; Yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Bwamba fever, West Nile, Mengo, Semliki forest, Bunyamwera, Ntaya, Uganda S and Zika viruses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1953 Jan. 47 (1):13-48. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Olson JG, Ksiazek TG, Suhandiman, Triwibowo. Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1981. 75 (3):389-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Roth A, Mercier A, Lepers C, Hoy D, Duituturaga S, Benyon E, et al. Concurrent outbreaks of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus infections - an unprecedented epidemic wave of mosquito-borne viruses in the Pacific 2012-2014. Euro Surveill. 2014 Oct 16. 19 (41):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm. Zika virus disease epidemic: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome (first update). Available at http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/rapid-risk-assessment-zika-virus-first-update-jan-2016.pdf. January 21, 2016;

17. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, et al. Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Zika virus disease in the United States, 2015–2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/united-states.html. May 25, 2016; Accessed: June 1, 2016.

19. Musso D, Ko AI, Baud D. Zika Virus Infection - After the Pandemic. 2019 Oct 10;381(15):1444-1457. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1808246. PMID: 31597021. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 10. 381(15):1444-1457. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Zika virus disease. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2019. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Available at https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/zika-virus-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2019. 24 March 2021;

21. Ioos S, Mallet HP, Leparc Goffart I, Gauthier V, Cardoso T, Herida M. Current Zika virus epidemiology and recent epidemics. Med Mal Infect. 2014 Jul. 44 (7):302-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Moore CA, Staples JE, Dobyns WB, et al. Characterizing the Pattern of Anomalies in Congenital Zika Syndrome for Pediatric Clinicians. JAMA Pediatr. 2017. 171(3):288–295. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/zika/pregnancy/index.html.

24. [Guideline] World Health Organization. Breastfeeding in the context of Zika virus: Interim guidance. World Health Organization. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204473/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.5_eng.pdf. February 25, 2016; Accessed: March 18, 2016.

25. Marchette NJ, Garcia R, Rudnick A. Isolation of Zika virus from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Malaysia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1969 May. 18 (3):411-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Weaver SC, Costa F, Garcia-Blanco MA, Ko AI, Ribeiro GS, Saade G, et al. Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control. Antiviral Res. 2016 Jun;. 130:69-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/testing-follow-up/zika-in-infants-children.html.

28. Foy BD, Kobylinski KC, Chilson Foy JL, Blitvich BJ, Travassos da Rosa A, Haddow AD, et al. Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 May. 17 (5):880-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Arora HS. A to Z of Zika Virus: A Comprehensive Review for Clinicians. Glob Pediatr Health. 2020 May 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. [Guideline] World Health Organization. Assessment of infants with microcephaly in the context of Zika virus: Interim guidance. World Health Organization. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204475/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.3_eng.pdf?ua=1. March 4, 2016; Accessed: March 18, 2016.

31. Mécharles S, Herrmann C, Poullain P, Tran TH, Deschamps N, Mathon G, et al. Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection. Lancet. 2016 Mar 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Sharp TM, Fischer M, Muñoz-Jordán JL, et al. Dengue and Zika Virus Diagnostic Testing for Patients with a Clinically Compatible Illness and Risk for Infection with Both Viruses. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019. 68(No. RR-1):1–10. [Full Text].

33. [Guideline] World Health Organization. Identification and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome in the context of Zika virus: Interim guidance. World Health Organization. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204474/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.4_eng.pdf?ua=1. February 25, 2016; Accessed: March 18, 2016.

34. [Guideline] Tolulope Adebanjo, MD1, 2; Shana Godfred-Cato, DO3; Laura Viens, MD4; Marc Fischer, MD5; J. Erin Staples, et al. Interim Guidance for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection — United States, October 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). October 20, 2017. 66(41):1089–1099. [Full Text].

35. [Guideline] Clinical Evaluation & Disease: For Healthcare Providers. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/preparing-for-zika/clinicalevaluationdisease.html.

36. Sophie Masmejan, David Baud, Didier Musso & Alice Panchaud. Zika virus, vaccines, and antiviral strategies. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2018. 16:6:471-483. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Bernatchez JA, Tran LT, Li J, Luan Y, Siqueira-Neto JL, Li R. Drugs for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection. J Med Chem. 2020 Jan 23. 63(2):470-489. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA Registers the Wolbachia ZAP Strain in Live Male Asian Tiger Mosquitoes. EPA. Available at https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-registers-wolbachia-zap-strain-live-male-asian-tiger-mosquitoes. November 7, 2017; Accessed: November 9, 2017.

39. [Guideline] Brooks JT, Friedman A, Kachur RE, LaFlam M, Peters PJ, Jamieson DJ. Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Jul 25. 65 (29):745-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. Zika and Blood Transfusion. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/blood-transfusion.html.

41. Men and Zika. CDC. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/zika/men/index.html.

42. Aryamav Pattnaik, Bikash R. Sahoo, and Asit K. Pattnaik. Current Status of Zika Virus Vaccines: Successes and Challenges. Vaccine (Basel). 2020 Jun. 8(2):266. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. [Guideline] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Travelers Visiting Friends and Family in Areas with Chikungunya, Dengue, or Zika. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-vfr-chikungunya-dengue-zika. August 08, 2016; Accessed: August 27, 2016.

44. [Guideline] Polen KD, Gilboa SM, Hills S, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Preconception Counseling and Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Men with Possible Zika Virus Exposure — United States, August 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). August 10, 2018. 67(31):868-871. [Full Text].

45. [Guideline] US Food and Drug Administration. Information for Blood Establishments Regarding FDA’s Determination that Zika Virus is no Longer a Relevant Transfusion-Transmitted Infection. US Food and Drug Administration. Available at https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/blood-blood-products/information-blood-establishments-regarding-fdas-determination-zika-virus-no-longer-relevant. May 12, 2021; Accessed: June 30, 2021.

46. [Guideline] Women and Their Partners Trying to Become Pregnant. CDC.gov. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/women-and-their-partners.html. March 24, 2021;

47. Pregnant Women and Zika. CDC.gov. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/zika/protect-yourself.html. March 24, 2021;

48. [Guideline] NEW Zika and Dengue Testing Guidance (Updated November 2019). CDC.gov. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/testing-guidance.html. December 9, 2019;

49. [Guideline] Adebanjo T, Godfred-Cato S, Viens L, Fischer M, Staples JE, Kuhnert-Tallman W, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection - United States, October 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Oct 20. 66 (41):1089-1099. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Bhagyashri D Navalkele, MD, MBBS Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi School of Medicine

Bhagyashri D Navalkele, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Council of India, Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Miriam T Levine, MD Fellow, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Miriam T Levine, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD Professor, Chief of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine

Pranatharthi Haran Chandrasekar, MBBS, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, International Immunocompromised Host Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD David Ross Boyd Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Stewart G Wolf Endowed Chair in Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center; Master of the American College of Physicians; Fellow, Infectious Diseases Society of America; Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London

Michael Stuart Bronze, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Association of Professors of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Oklahoma State Medical Association, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article