Overview
What are parainfluenza viruses (PIVs)?
What is the pathophysiology of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
Which factors affect the immune response to human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
What is the immune response to human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
What are the viral characteristics of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs)?
How are human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) categorized?
Which clinical conditions are caused by human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs)?
How are human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) transmitted?
Which factors increase the risk for human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
What is the prevalence of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection in the US?
What is the global prevalence of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
Which patient groups have the highest prevalence of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
What is the prognosis of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
Presentation
What are the common clinical presentations of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
What are the signs and symptoms of croup due to human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
Which physical findings are characteristic of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
Which infections are associated with human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs)?
What are the possible complications of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)?
DDX
Workup
How is human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection diagnosed?
How are specimens of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) collected?
What is the role of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)?
What is the role of ELISA in the diagnosis of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)?
How is human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) isolated?
How is human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) detected and typed?
What is the serologic diagnosis of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)?
What is the role of genomic detection in the diagnosis of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV)?
Treatment
How is human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection treated?
What is the initial treatment for human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
When is inpatient care indicated for the treatment of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
What is included in supportive care of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
How is mild croup due to human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection treated?
How is moderate croup due to human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection treated?
How is severe croup due to human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection treated?
How is human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection prevented?
What is included in the long-term care of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
Medications
What is the role of medications in the treatment of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) infection?
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Transmission electron micrograph of parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid.