Pediatric Headache Questions & Answers

1. Chakravarty A, Mukherjee A, Roy D. Migraine pain location: how do children differ from adults?. J Headache Pain. 2008 Dec. 9(6):375-9. [Medline].

2. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004. 24 Suppl 1:9-160. [Medline].

3. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Santavuori PR. Effect of age on the fulfilment of the IHS criteria for migraine in children at a headache clinic. Cephalalgia. 1995 Oct. 15(5):404-9. [Medline].

4. Headache Classification Committee of the IHS. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Cephalalgia. 1988. 8 Suppl 7:1-96. [Medline].

5. Lima MM, Padula NA, Santos LC, Oliveira LD, Agapejev S, Padovani C. Critical analysis of the international classification of headache disorders diagnostic criteria (ICHD I-1988) and (ICHD II-2004), for migraine in children and adolescents. Cephalalgia. 2005 Nov. 25(11):1042-7. [Medline].

6. Metshonkala L, Sillanpaa M. Classification of headache and migraine in children. Proceedings of the 3rd Congress on Headache in Childhood and Adolescence; Hungary, Budapest. Cephalalgia. May 1995. 15(S16):7.

7. International Headache Society Classification ICHD-II. March 23, 2012. [Full Text].

8. Hoffmann J. Recent advances in headache research. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Oct. 11(10):1379-81. [Medline].

9. Vanmolkot KR, Kors EE, Turk U, et al. Two de novo mutations in the Na,K-ATPase gene ATP1A2 associated with pure familial hemiplegic migraine. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006 May. 14(5):555-60. [Medline].

10. Dichgans M, Freilinger T, Eckstein G, Babini E, Lorenz-Depiereux B, Biskup S, et al. Mutation in the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel SCN1A in familial hemiplegic migraine. Lancet. 2005 Jul 30-Aug 5. 366(9483):371-7. [Medline].

11. Ducros A, Joutel A, Vahedi K, Cecillon M, Ferreira A, Bernard E, et al. Mapping of a second locus for familial hemiplegic migraine to 1q21-q23 and evidence of further heterogeneity. Ann Neurol. 1997 Dec. 42(6):885-90. [Medline].

12. Gardner K, Barmada MM, Ptacek LJ, Hoffman EP. A new locus for hemiplegic migraine maps to chromosome 1q31. Neurology. 1997 Nov. 49(5):1231-8. [Medline].

13. Lateef TM, Merikangas KR, He J, Kalaydjian A, Khoromi S, Knight E, et al. Headache in a national sample of American children: prevalence and comorbidity. J Child Neurol. 2009 May. 24(5):536-43. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. Raieli V, Eliseo M, Pandolfi E, La Vecchia M, La Franca G, Puma D, et al. Recurrent and chronic headaches in children below 6 years of age. J Headache Pain. 2005 Jun. 6(3):135-42. [Medline].

15. Bille B. Migraine in childhood. Lanzi G, Ballotin U, Cernibori A, eds. Headache in Children and Adolescents. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1989. 19-26.

16. BILLE BS. Migraine in school children. A study of the incidence and short-term prognosis, and a clinical, psychological and electroencephalographic comparison between children with migraine and matched controls. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1962 May. 136:1-151. [Medline].

17. [Guideline] Lewis DW, Ashwal S, Dahl G, Dorbad D, Hirtz D, Prensky A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluation of children and adolescents with recurrent headaches: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2002 Aug 27. 59(4):490-8. [Medline].

18. Fendrich K, Venneman M, Pfaffenrath V, et al. Headache prevalence among adolescents- The German DMKG headache study. Cephalgia. 2007. 27:347-354.

19. Lu SR, Fuh JL, Juang KD, Wang SJ. A student population-based study in Taiwan. Cephalgia. 2000. 20:479-485.

20. Split W, Neuman W. Epidemiology of migraine among students from randomly selected secondary schools in Lodz. Headache. 1999 Jul-Aug. 39(7):494-501. [Medline].

21. Sillanpää M. Changes in the prevalence of migraine and other headaches during the first seven school years. Headache. 1983 Jan. 23(1):15-9. [Medline].

22. Sillanpää M. Prevalence of headache in prepuberty. Headache. 1983 Jan. 23(1):10-4. [Medline].

23. Mortimer MJ, Kay J, Jaron A. Childhood migraine in general practice: clinical features and characteristics. Cephalalgia. 1992 Aug. 12(4):238-43; discussion 186. [Medline].

24. Linet MS, Stewart WF, Celentano DD, Ziegler D, Sprecher M. An epidemiologic study of headache among adolescents and young adults. JAMA. 1989 Apr 21. 261(15):2211-6. [Medline].

25. Rothner AD. The migraine syndrome in children and adolescents. Pediatr Neurol. 1986 May-Jun. 2(3):121-6. [Medline].

26. Abu-Arefeh I, Russell G. Prevalence of headache and migraine in schoolchildren. BMJ. 1994 Sep 24. 309(6957):765-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

27. Brna P, Dooley J, Gordon K, Dewan T. The prognosis of childhood headache: a 20-year follow-up. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Dec. 159(12):1157-60. [Medline].

28. Powers SW, Patton SR, Hommel KA, Hershey AD. Quality of life in childhood migraines: clinical impact and comparison to other chronic illnesses. Pediatrics. 2003 Jul. 112(1 Pt 1):e1-5. [Medline].

29. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. The prognosis of migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. 2008 Jun. 21(3):301-8. [Medline].

30. Charles JA, Peterlin BL, Rapoport AM, Linder SL, Kabbouche MA, Sheftell FD. Favorable outcome of early treatment of new onset child and adolescent migraine-implications for disease modification. J Headache Pain. 2009 Aug. 10(4):227-33. [Medline].

31. Battistutta S, Aliverti R, Montico M, Zin R, Carrozzi M. Chronic tension-type headache in adolescents. Clinical and psychological characteristics analyzed through self- and parent-report questionnaires. J Pediatr Psychol. 2009 Aug. 34(7):697-706. [Medline].

32. Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, Buring JE, Lipton RB, Kurth T. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009 Oct 27. 339:b3914. [Medline]. [Full Text].

33. Hershey AD, Powers SW, Vockell AL, LeCates SL, Segers A, Kabbouche MA. Development of a patient-based grading scale for PedMIDAS. Cephalalgia. 2004 Oct. 24(10):844-9. [Medline].

34. Lowry F. New tool aids in diagnosis of pediatric migraine. Medscape Medical News. Jan 17, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777797. Accessed: January 22, 2013.

35. Lateef T, Cui L, Heaton L, Nakamura EF, Ding J, Ahmed S, et al. Validation of a migraine interview for children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013 Jan. 131(1):e96-e102. [Medline]. [Full Text].

36. Cuvellier JC, Mars A, Vallée L. The prevalence of premonitory symptoms in paediatric migraine: a questionnaire study in 103 children and adolescents. Cephalalgia. 2009 Nov. 29(11):1197-201. [Medline].

37. Gelfand AA, Thomas KC, Goadsby PJ. Before the headache: Infant colic as an early life expression of migraine. Neurology. 2012 Sep 25. 79(13):1392-6. [Medline].

38. Wöber-Bingöl C, Wöber C, Karwautz A, Vesely C, Wagner-Ennsgraber C, Amminger GP, et al. Diagnosis of headache in childhood and adolescence: a study in 437 patients. Cephalalgia. 1995 Feb. 15(1):13-21; discussion 4. [Medline].

39. Osterhaus JT, Townsend RJ, Gandek B, Ware JE Jr. Measuring the functional status and well-being of patients with migraine headache. Headache. 1994 Jun. 34(6):337-43. [Medline].

40. Powers SW, Patton SR, Hommel KA, Hershey AD. Quality of life in paediatric migraine: characterization of age-related effects using PedsQL 4.0. Cephalalgia. 2004 Feb. 24(2):120-7. [Medline].

41. Chow AW, Benninger MS, Brook I, Brozek JL, Goldstein EJ, Hicks LA, et al. IDSA clinical practice guideline for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in children and adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Apr. 54(8):e72-e112. [Medline].

42. Graf WD, Kayyali HR, Alexander JJ, Simon SD, Morriss MC. Neuroimaging-use trends in nonacute pediatric headache before and after clinical practice parameters. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov. 122(5):e1001-5. [Medline].

43. [Guideline] Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, Hirtz D, Yonker M, Silberstein S. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents: report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004 Dec 28. 63(12):2215-24. [Medline].

44. Wöber C, Wöber-Bingöl C. Clinical management of young patients presenting with headache. Funct Neurol. 2000. 15 Suppl 3:89-105. [Medline].

45. Milde-Busch A, Blaschek A, Borggräfe I, Heinen F, Straube A, von Kries R. Associations of diet and lifestyle with headache in high-school students: results from a cross-sectional study. Headache. 2010 Jul. 50(7):1104-14. [Medline].

46. Winner P, Rothner AD, Wooten JD, Webster C, Ames M. Sumatriptan nasal spray in adolescent migraineurs: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, acute study. Headache. 2006 Feb. 46(2):212-22. [Medline].

47. Linder SL, Mathew NT, Cady RK, Finlayson G, Ishkanian G, Lewis DW. Efficacy and tolerability of almotriptan in adolescents: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Headache. 2008 Oct. 48(9):1326-36. [Medline].

48. Fraser IP, Han L, Han TH, Li CC, Hreniuk D, Stoch SA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of rizatriptan in pediatric migraineurs in a randomized study. Headache. 2012 Apr. 52(4):625-35. [Medline].

49. Ho TW, Pearlman E, Lewis D, Hämäläinen M, Connor K, Michelson D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan in pediatric migraineurs: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial using a novel adaptive enrichment design. Cephalalgia. 2012 Jul. 32(10):750-65. [Medline].

50. Anderson, P. FDA Okays Sumatriptan/Naproxen (Treximet) for Migraine in Teens. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/844752. Accessed: May 15, 2015.

51. Pandina GJ, Ness S, Polverejan E, Yuen E, Eerdekens M, Bilder RM, et al. Cognitive effects of topiramate in migraine patients aged 12 through 17 years. Pediatr Neurol. 2010 Mar. 42(3):187-95. [Medline].

52. Borzy JC, Koch TK, Schimschock JR. Effectiveness of topiramate in the treatment of pediatric chronic daily headache. Pediatr Neurol. 2005 Nov. 33(5):314-6. [Medline].

53. Dodick DW, Silberstein S, Saper J, Freitag FG, Cady RK, Rapoport AM, et al. The impact of topiramate on health-related quality of life indicators in chronic migraine. Headache. 2007 Nov-Dec. 47(10):1398-408. [Medline].

54. Hershey AD, Gladstein J, Winner P. Chronic daily headache in the pediatric population. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2007 Jan. 9(1):14-22. [Medline].

55. Powers SW, Coffey CS, Chamberlin LA, et al for the CHAMP Investigators. Trial of amitriptilyne, topiramate, and placebo for pediatric migraine. New Eng J Med. Online First. October 27, 2016.

56. Termine C, Ferri M, Balottin U. Acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents. Funct Neurol. 2008 Apr-Jun. 23(2):63-9. [Medline].

57. Bailey B, McManus BC. Treatment of children with migraine in the emergency department: a qualitative systematic review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008 May. 24(5):321-30. [Medline].

58. Walker DM, Teach SJ. Emergency department treatment of primary headaches in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008 Jun. 20(3):248-54. [Medline].

59. Boyle R, Behan PO, Sutton JA. A correlation between severity of migraine and delayed gastric emptying measured by an epigastric impedance method. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1990 Sep. 30(3):405-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

60. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Valkeila E, Santavuori P. Ibuprofen or acetaminophen for the acute treatment of migraine in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Neurology. 1997 Jan. 48(1):103-7. [Medline].

61. Visser WH, Winner P, Strohmaier K, Klipfel M, Peng Y, McCarroll K, et al. Rizatriptan 5 mg for the acute treatment of migraine in adolescents: results from a double-blind, single-attack study and two open-label, multiple-attack studies. Headache. 2004 Oct. 44(9):891-9. [Medline].

62. Winner P, Lewis D, Visser WH, Jiang K, Ahrens S, Evans JK. Rizatriptan 5 mg for the acute treatment of migraine in adolescents: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Headache. 2002 Jan. 42(1):49-55. [Medline].

63. Hewitt DJ, Pearlman E, Hämäläinen M, Lewis D, Connor KM, Michelson D, et al. Long-Term Open-Label Safety Study of Rizatriptan Acute Treatment in Pediatric Migraineurs. Headache. 2012 Oct 18. [Medline].

64. Anderson P. Gum chewing in lids under-recognized cause of headaches. Medscape Medical News. January 17, 2014. [Full Text].

65. Watemberg N, Matar M, Har-Gil M, Mahajnah M. The influence of excessive chewing gum use on headache frequency and severity among adolescents. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Jan. 50(1):69-72. [Medline].

J Ivan Lopez, MD, FAAN, FAHS Professor of Neurology, Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Nevada School of Medicine; Director, Renown Regional Medical Center Stroke Center

J Ivan Lopez, MD, FAAN, FAHS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Headache Society, American Stroke Association

Disclosure: Received research grant from: Allergan.

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Co-Director, Injury Free Coalition for Kids, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John F Rothrock, MD Director, Renown Neurosciences Institute; Professor and Chief, Division of Neurosciences, University of Nevada School of Medicine; Editor-in-Chief, Headache

John F Rothrock, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, Medical Association of the State of Alabama, American Headache Society, American Neuropsychiatric Association, Stroke Council of the American Heart Association, European Neurological Society, International Headache Society

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Zogenix for board membership; Received consulting fee from MAPP for review panel membership; Received grant/research funds from GlaxoSmithKline for research investigator; Received consulting fee from Allergan for board membership; Received consulting fee from Allergan for consulting.

George I Jallo, MD Professor of Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Oncology, Director, Clinical Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

George I Jallo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Bartiss, OD, MD Medical Director, Ophthalmology, Family Eye Care of the Carolinas

Michael J Bartiss, OD, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and North Carolina Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Charles Gay, MD, Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, South Texas Neurology Associates

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William G Gossman, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, Creighton University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Creighton University Medical Center

William G Gossman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Marc E Lenaerts, MD, FAHS Staff Neurologist, Mercy Medical Group, Sacramento, CA; Associate Clinical Professor of Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento

Marc E Lenaerts, MD, FAHS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Headache Society, and International Headache Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hampton Roy Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Raj D Sheth, MD Professor, Mayo College of Medicine; Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Nemours Children's Clinic

Raj D Sheth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, American Neurological Association, and Child Neurology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Reference Salary Employment

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brian R Younge, MD Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine

Brian R Younge, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Ophthalmological Society, and North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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