Overview
What is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How does myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) affect hematopoietic cell lines?
Which hematopoietic cell lines are involved in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What presentation suggests myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the standard care for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of clonal mutations in the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) classified?
What causes cytopenias in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the cytogenetic types of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which patient group with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) has a worse prognosis?
What is the prevalence of primary (idiopathic) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of cancer treatment in the etiology of secondary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which chemical exposures may cause myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is familial myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of chronic immune stimulation in the etiology of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the US?
Why has the incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) risen in the US?
How does the incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) vary by age?
What are the racial predilections for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the incidence of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in the United Kingdom?
What is the progression of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which organizations have developed risk classifications for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the French-American-British (FAB) classifications of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the most difficult type of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to characterize?
How does the WHO classify subtypes of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)?
What is the WHO classification scheme for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which features predict mean survival of 18-24 months or longer for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which features predict mean survival of 6-12 months for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Presentation
Which clinical history should prompt the workup for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are some signs and symptoms of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/
What are the signs and symptoms of low platelet count in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which physical findings suggest myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which physical findings suggest severe anemia in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the significance of an enlarged spleen in the evaluation for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are manifestations of neutropenia in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
DDX
What conditions should be included in the differential diagnoses of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the differential diagnoses for Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?
Workup
What is included in the workup of possible myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which peripheral blood count findings suggest myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is anemia characterized in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is neutropenia characterized in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which granulation abnormalities suggest myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which immunologic abnormalities suggest myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which bone marrow changes are characteristic of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of dysplastic WBC changes in the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is single-lineage dysplasia used in the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which morphologic abnormalities suggest myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which abnormalities in platelet production suggest myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which cytogenetic techniques are performed in the evaluation of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How are chromosomal abnormalities used in the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the histologic findings characteristic of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) subtype requires an actual monocyte count for the diagnosis?
How is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) classified in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Treatment
What is the standard care for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the basis for selection of treatment in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Where should patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) be treated?
What type of facilities provide long-term management for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is included in supportive care of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How are transfusion-related complications decreased in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the possible complications of RBC transfusions to treat myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the guidelines for iron chelation in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of deferoxamine in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of deferasirox in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the benefits of platelet transfusion in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is neutropenia managed in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of bone marrow stimulation in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of iron supplementation in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of cytotoxic chemotherapy in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the efficacy of combination for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of lenalidomide in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the efficacy of lenalidomide in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of azacitidine and decitabine in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of immunosuppressive therapy for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which new therapies are under investigation for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What is the role of surgery in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Guidelines
What are the diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)–unclassified (MDS-U)?
What are the diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS)?
What are the diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with excess blasts-1 (MDS-EB-1)?
What are the diagnostic criteria for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with excess blasts-2 (MDS-EB-2)?
Which prognostic scoring systems are commonly used for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is the WHO Prognostic Scoring System (WPSS) calculated for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How is Lower-Risk Prognostic Scoring System (LR-PSS) calculated for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Which organizations have released treatment guidelines for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the NCCN guidelines for supportive care for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the treatment guidelines for low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
Medications
What is the basis for treatment selection for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are the treatment options for late-stage myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
When is cytotoxic chemotherapy indicated for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
What are new drug combinations for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
How are medical comorbidities managed in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)?
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Blood film (1000× magnification) demonstrating a vacuolated blast in a refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation. Courtesy of U. Woermann, MD, Division of Instructional Media, Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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This bone marrow film (400× magnification) demonstrates an almost complete replacement of normal hematopoiesis by blasts in a refractory anemia with an excess of blasts in transformation. Note the signs of abnormal maturation such as vacuolation, double nucleus, and macrocytosis. Courtesy of U. Woermann, MD, Division of Instructional Media, Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Bone marrow film (1000× magnification) demonstrating ring sideroblasts in Prussian blue staining in a refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation. Courtesy of U. Woermann, MD, Division of Instructional Media, Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Bone marrow film (1000× magnification) demonstrating granular and clotlike positive reaction in periodic acid-Schiff staining in a refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation. Courtesy of U. Woermann, MD, Division of Instructional Media, Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Switzerland.