Hypothyroidism Questions & Answers

1. Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2012 Dec. 22(12):1200-35. [Medline].

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3. Kreisman SH, Hennessey JV. Consistent reversible elevations of serum creatinine levels in severe hypothyroidism. Arch Intern Med. 1999 Jan 11. 159(1):79-82. [Medline].

4. Ladenson PW, Singer PA, Ain KB, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jun 12. 160(11):1573-5. [Medline].

5. McDermott MT. Does combination T4 and T3 therapy make sense?. Endocr Pract. 2012 Sep-Oct. 18(5):750-7. [Medline].

6. [Guideline] Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec. 24(12):1670-751. [Medline]. [Full Text].

7. Melville NA. New ATA guidelines stick with levothyroxine for hypothyroidism. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. October 02, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/832682. Accessed: February 19, 2015.

8. Kim D. The Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Sep 12. 18 (9):[Medline]. [Full Text].

9. Mourtzinis G, Adamsson Eryd S, Rosengren A, et al. Primary aldosteronism and thyroid disorders in atrial fibrillation: A Swedish nationwide case-control study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2018 Jan 1. 2047487318759853. [Medline].

10. Bothra N, Shah N, Goroshi M, et al. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Relative recurrence risk ratio and implications for screening of first degree relatives. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Mar 8. [Medline].

11. Stuckey BG, Kent GN, Ward LC, Brown SJ, Walsh JP. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction and the long-term risk of hypothyroidism: results from a 12-year follow-up study of women with and without postpartum thyroid dysfunction. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010 Sep. 73(3):389-95. [Medline].

12. Wolter P, Dumez H, Schoffski P. Sunitinib and hypothyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2007 Apr 12. 356(15):1580; author reply 1580-1. [Medline].

13. Smit JW, Stokkel MP, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Visser TJ. Bexarotene-induced hypothyroidism: bexarotene stimulates the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul. 92(7):2496-9. [Medline].

14. Denny JC, Crawford DC, Ritchie MD, et al. Variants near FOXE1 are associated with hypothyroidism and other thyroid conditions: using electronic medical records for genome- and phenome-wide studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Oct 7. 89(4):529-42. [Medline]. [Full Text].

15. Vono-Toniolo J, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM, Medeiros-Neto G, Kopp P. Naturally occurring mutations in the thyroglobulin gene. Thyroid. 2005 Sep. 15(9):1021-33. [Medline].

16. Park SM, Chatterjee VK. Genetics of congenital hypothyroidism. J Med Genet. 2005 May. 42(5):379-89. [Medline]. [Full Text].

17. Paschke R, Ludgate M. The thyrotropin receptor in thyroid diseases. N Engl J Med. 1997 Dec 4. 337(23):1675-81. [Medline].

18. Macchia PE, Lapi P, Krude H, et al. PAX8 mutations associated with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis. Nat Genet. 1998 May. 19(1):83-6. [Medline].

19. Everett LA, Glaser B, Beck JC, et al. Pendred syndrome is caused by mutations in a putative sulphate transporter gene (PDS). Nat Genet. 1997 Dec. 17(4):411-22. [Medline].

20. Cetani F, Barbesino G, Borsari S, et al. A novel mutation of the autoimmune regulator gene in an Italian kindred with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy, acting in a dominant fashion and strongly cosegregating with hypothyroid autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Oct. 86(10):4747-52. [Medline].

21. Woeber KA. Iodine and thyroid disease. Med Clin North Am. 1991 Jan. 75(1):169-78. [Medline].

22. Yamada M, Mori M. Mechanisms related to the pathophysiology and management of central hypothyroidism. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec. 4(12):683-94. [Medline].

23. Nebesio TD, McKenna MP, Nabhan ZM, Eugster EA. Newborn screening results in children with central hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 2010 Jun. 156(6):990-3. [Medline].

24. Doeker BM, Pfaffle RW, Pohlenz J, Andler W. Congenital central hypothyroidism due to a homozygous mutation in the thyrotropin beta-subunit gene follows an autosomal recessive inheritance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 May. 83(5):1762-5. [Medline].

25. Bonomi M, Busnelli M, Beck-Peccoz P, et al. A family with complete resistance to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 12. 360(7):731-4. [Medline].

26. Katakami H, Kato Y, Inada M, Imura H. Hypothalamic hypothyroidism due to isolated thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) deficiency. J Endocrinol Invest. 1984 Jun. 7(3):231-3. [Medline].

27. Niimi H, Inomata H, Sasaki N, Nakajima H. Congenital isolated thyrotrophin releasing hormone deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 1982 Nov. 57(11):877-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

28. Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, et al. Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002). Thyroid. 2007 Dec. 17 (12):1211-23. [Medline].

29. Kajantie E, Phillips DI, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Forsen T, Eriksson JG. Spontaneous hypothyroidism in adult women is predicted by small body size at birth and during childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Dec. 91(12):4953-6. [Medline].

30. Sawin CT, Castelli WP, Hershman JM, McNamara P, Bacharach P. The aging thyroid. Thyroid deficiency in the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 1985 Aug. 145(8):1386-8. [Medline].

31. Winther KH, Cramon P, Watt T, et al. Disease-Specific as Well as Generic Quality of Life Is Widely Impacted in Autoimmune Hypothyroidism and Improves during the First Six Months of Levothyroxine Therapy. PLoS One. 2016 Jun 3. 11(6):e0156925. [Medline]. [Full Text].

32. Chang YC, Chang CH, Yeh YC, Chuang LM, Tu YK. Subclinical and overt hypothyroidism is associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria: a large cross-sectional population study. Sci Rep. 2018 Feb 1. 8 (1):2031. [Medline]. [Full Text].

33. Sato Y, Yoshihisa A, Kimishima Y, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism Is Associated With Adverse Prognosis in Heart Failure Patients. Can J Cardiol. 2018 Jan. 34 (1):80-7. [Medline].

34. Zamfirescu I, Carlson HE. Absorption of levothyroxine when coadministered with various calcium formulations. Thyroid. 2011 May. 21(5):483-6. [Medline]. [Full Text].

35. Piantanida E, Gallo D, Veronesi G, et al. Masked hypertension in newly diagnosed hypothyroidism: a pilot study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2016 May 19. [Medline].

36. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb. 87(2):489-99. [Medline].

37. Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul. 91(7):2587-91. [Medline].

38. Liu Y. Clinical significance of thyroid uptake on F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Nucl Med. 2009 Jan. 23(1):17-23. [Medline].

39. Clinical guideline, part 1. Screening for thyroid disease. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jul 15. 129(2):141-3. [Medline].

40. Helfand M, Redfern CC. Clinical guideline, part 2. Screening for thyroid disease: an update. American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jul 15. 129(2):144-58. [Medline].

41. American Academy of Family Physicians. Summary of Policy Recommendations for Periodic Health Examinations. Reprint no. 510. Leawood, KS: American Academy of Family Physicians; 2002.

42. [Guideline] Baskin HJ, Cobin RH, Duick DS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 2002 Nov-Dec. 8(6):457-69. [Medline].

43. Screening for thyroid disease: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Jan 20. 140(2):125-7. [Medline].

44. Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Fraser A, Nahshoni E, Weizman A, Leibovici L. Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothyroidism: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul. 91(7):2592-9. [Medline].

45. Gullo D, Latina A, Frasca F, Le Moli R, Pellegriti G, Vigneri R. Levothyroxine monotherapy cannot guarantee euthyroidism in all athyreotic patients. PLoS One. 2011. 6(8):e22552. [Medline].

46. Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999 Aug 19. 341(8):549-55. [Medline].

47. Blatt AJ, Nakamoto JM, Kaufman HW. National status of testing for hypothyroidism during pregnancy and postpartum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Mar. 97(3):777-84. [Medline].

48. [Guideline] Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, et al. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. 2011 Oct. 21(10):1081-125. [Medline]. [Full Text].

49. LeBeau SO, Mandel SJ. Thyroid disorders during pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006 Mar. 35(1):117-36, vii. [Medline].

50. Negro R, Formoso G, Mangieri T, Pezzarossa A, Dazzi D, Hassan H. Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jul. 91(7):2587-91. [Medline].

51. Velkeniers B, Van Meerhaeghe A, Poppe K, Unuane D, Tournaye H, Haentjens P. Levothyroxine treatment and pregnancy outcome in women with subclinical hypothyroidism undergoing assisted reproduction technologies: systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Hum Reprod Update. 2013 May-Jun. 19(3):251-8. [Medline].

52. Busko M. Optimal levothyroxine doses for hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. December 9, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/817459. Accessed: January 5, 2014.

53. Abalovich M, Vazquez A, Alcaraz G, et al. Adequate levothyroxine doses for the treatment of hypothyroidism newly discovered during pregnancy. Thyroid. 2013 Nov. 23(11):1479-83. [Medline].

54. Cooper DS, Biondi B. Subclinical thyroid disease. Lancet. 2012 Mar 24. 379(9821):1142-54. [Medline].

55. Surks MI, Ortiz E, Daniels GH, et al. Subclinical thyroid disease: scientific review and guidelines for diagnosis and management. JAMA. 2004 Jan 14. 291(2):228-38. [Medline].

56. [Guideline] De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug. 97(8):2543-65. [Medline]. [Full Text].

57. Gyamfi C, Wapner RJ, D'Alton ME. Thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy: the basic science and clinical evidence surrounding the controversy in management. Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Mar. 113(3):702-7. [Medline].

58. Rosario PW, Bessa B, Valadao MM, Purisch S. Natural history of mild subclinical hypothyroidism: prognostic value of ultrasound. Thyroid. 2009 Jan. 19(1):9-12. [Medline].

59. Ito M, Arishima T, Kudo T, et al. Effect of levo-thyroxine replacement on non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypothyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb. 92(2):608-11. [Medline].

60. Peleg RK, Efrati S, Benbassat C, Fygenzo M, Golik A. The effect of levothyroxine on arterial stiffness and lipid profile in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2008 Aug. 18(8):825-30. [Medline].

61. Cinemre H, Bilir C, Gokosmanoglu F, Bahcebasi T. Hematologic effects of levothyroxine in iron-deficient subclinical hypothyroid patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jan. 94(1):151-6. [Medline].

62. Abreu I, Lau E, Sousa-Pinto B, Carvalho D. Subclinical hypothyroidism: to treat or not to treat! A systematic review with meta-analysis on lipid profile. Endocr Connect. 2017 Mar 1. [Medline].

63. Wartofsky L. Myxedema coma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2006 Dec. 35(4):687-98, vii-viii. [Medline].

64. Turner MR, Camacho X, Fischer HD, et al. Levothyroxine dose and risk of fractures in older adults: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2011 Apr 28. 342:d2238. [Medline]. [Full Text].

65. [Guideline] Persani L, Brabant G, Dattani M, et al. 2018 European Thyroid Association (ETA) Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Central Hypothyroidism. Eur Thyroid J. 2018 Oct. 7 (5):225-37. [Medline]. [Full Text].

66. Busko M. Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy usually transient. Medscape Medical News from WebMD. December 20, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/818195. Accessed: December 30, 2013.

67. Shields BM, Knight BA, Hill AV, Hattersley AT, Vaidya B. Five-year follow-up for women with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Dec. 98(12):E1941-5. [Medline].

Philip R Orlander, MD, FACP Director and Professor, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Associate Dean for Educational Programs, Vice-Chair of Medicine for Education, Edward Randall III Chair in Internal Medicine, Program Director for Internal Medicine Residency Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Philip R Orlander, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeena M Varghese, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center

Jeena M Varghese, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society, Harris County Medical Society, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lance M Freeman, MD Fellow, Division of Endocrinology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor Emeritus of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American Association for Physician Leadership, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anu Bhalla Davis, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical School at Houston

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shikha Bharaktiya, MD Physician in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Endocrinology Clinics of Texas, PA

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology, Adj), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Affiliate Research Professor, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University; Principal, C/A Informatics, LLC

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Informatics Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Endocrine Society, and International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Walter R Woodhouse, MD, MSA Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Family Practice, Medical College of Ohio

Walter R Woodhouse, MD, MSA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pain Medicine, and Society of Teachers of Family Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Frederick H Ziel, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Physician-In-Charge, Endocrinology/Diabetes Center, Director of Medical Education, Kaiser Permanente Woodland Hills; Chair of Endocrinology, Co-Chair of Diabetes Complete Care Program, Southern California Permanente Medical Group

Frederick H Ziel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, California Medical Association, Endocrine Society, andInternational Society for Clinical Densitometry

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