Author
Michael P Ehrenhaus, MD Director, Department of Cornea, External Disease & Refractive Surgery, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Michael P Ehrenhaus, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Mohammedyusuf E Hajee, MD Clinical Instructor, Staff Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Director, Blood Flow Laboratory, State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center
Mohammedyusuf E Hajee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, National Medical Association
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Allergan<br/>Received research grant from: Alcon, novartis.
Specialty Editor Board
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Edsel B Ing, MD, PhD, MBA, MEd, MPH, MA, FRCSC Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine; Staff, Michael Garron Hospital (Toronto East Health Network) and Sunnybrook Hospital, Canada
Edsel B Ing, MD, PhD, MBA, MEd, MPH, MA, FRCSC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, Canadian Society of Oculoplastic Surgery, Chinese Canadian Medical Society, European Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, Ontario Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Statistical Society of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Andrew W Lawton, MD Neuro-Ophthalmology, Ochsner Health Services
Andrew W Lawton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Arkansas Medical Society, Southern Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Hampton Roy, Sr, MD † Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy, Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Brian R Younge, MD Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine
Brian R Younge, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Ophthalmological Society, and North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgments
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Ryan I Huffman, MD, with the literature review and referencing for this article.
