Laboratory Studies

Generally, no laboratory studies are required. Screening for diseases causing immunosuppression (eg, HIV, hematologic malignancies) and/or renal failure is appropriate when new lesions of classic porokeratosis of Mibelli (PM) or disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) are seen or when sudden exacerbation of any form of porokeratosis develops.

Histologic Findings

The cornoid lamella is the histopathologic hallmark of all forms of porokeratosis. It is essential that a biopsy specimen be taken from the peripheral, raised, hyperkeratotic ridge to demonstrate this finding.

The cornoid lamella consists of a thin column of tightly packed parakeratotic cells within a keratin-filled epidermal invagination. The parakeratotic column extends at an angle away from the center of the lesion and develops from the interfollicular epidermis, but it may involve the ostia of hair follicles or sweat ducts. Within the parakeratotic column, the horny cells appear homogeneous and possess deeply basophilic pyknotic nuclei. In the epidermis beneath the parakeratotic column, the keratinocytes are irregularly arranged and have pyknotic nuclei with perinuclear edema. No granular layer is seen within the parakeratotic column, while the keratin-filled invagination of the epidermis has a well-developed granular layer.

The papillary dermis beneath the cornoid lamella contains a moderately dense, lymphocytic infiltrate and dilated capillaries. Dermal amyloid deposits have been described in some cases of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP). They have also been described in the intertriginous portion of porokeratosis ptychotropica, suggesting a role for friction in pathogenesis of this variant of PM.^[65]

Specimens taken from the center of the lesion show atrophy, with areas of liquefaction degeneration in the basal layer, colloid-body formation, and flattening of rete ridges. The dermis may be edematous or fibrotic with telangiectasia. Amyloid deposition may be seen in the papillary dermis, both centrally and beneath the cornoid lamellae. The cornoid lamella is prominent in PM but less distinct in DSAP, DSP, and porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata (PPPD). At the ultrastructural level, vacuolization of keratinocytes, clumping of keratin filaments, and a paucity of lamellar bodies are found. Intercellular lamellar sheets are incompletely formed and may be responsible for defective desquamation.

Immunohistochemical studies show that keratinocytes beneath the cornoid lamella stain in a pattern similar to that observed in squamous cell carcinomas. The parakeratosis appears to be the result of faulty maturation of keratinocytes, rather than an increased rate of proliferation.^[11]Keratinocytes central to the cornoid lamella stain in a pattern identical to that of premalignant lesions, such as actinic keratosis. Keratinocytes peripheral to the cornoid lamella stain normally.

Recent studies showing reduced bleomycin hydralase expression in porokeratosis lesions support the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of porokeratosis involves a defect in the late stage of epidermal differentiation.^[12]

Treatment & Management

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Media Gallery

Porokeratosis of Mibelli on the lower leg in a renal transplant recipient.
Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis on the lower legs of a female patient.
A 42-year-old woman with multiple lesions on the pretibial aspects of the legs.
A young boy with a linear lesion of porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus extending onto the nailbed, causing pterygium formation.

of 4

Author

Amarateedha Prak LeCourt, MD Resident Physician, Department of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical Center San Diego; Naval Flight Surgeon/Fleet Marine Force Qualified Officer, US Navy

Amarateedha Prak LeCourt, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Aerospace Medical Association, Association of Military Surgeons of the US

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Kristina Marie Dela Rosa, MD Dermatologist, Insight Dermatology, San Diego, CA

Kristina Marie Dela Rosa, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Texas Medical Association, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey P Callen, MD Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), Chief, Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville School of Medicine

Jeffrey P Callen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, American College of Rheumatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Genentech as a consultant for a potential study on a drug that has yet to be approved for any use<br/>Received honoraria from UpToDate for author/editor; Received royalty from Elsevier for book author/editor; Received dividends from trust accounts, but I do not control these accounts, and have directed our managers to divest pharmaceutical stocks as is fiscally prudent from Stock holdings in various trust accounts include some pharmaceutical companies and device makers for these trust accounts; I served on a safety monitoring committee for Principia Biopharma (ended 9-2021) for: Stocks held in various trust accounts: Allergen; Pfizer; 3M; Johnson and Johnson; Merck; Abbott Laboratories; AbbVie; Procter and Gamble; Amgen; Gilead.

Chief Editor

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Elsevier; WebMD<br/>Served as a speaker for various universities, dermatology societies, and dermatology departments.

Additional Contributors

Linda V Spencer, MD Spencer Dermatology Associates, LLC

Linda V Spencer, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Dermatology Foundation, American Medical Association, Indiana State Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrea Leigh Zaenglein, MD Professor of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Department of Dermatology, Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine

Andrea Leigh Zaenglein, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Pediatric Dermatology

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Galderma for consulting; Received consulting fee from Valeant for consulting; Received consulting fee from Promius for consulting; Received consulting fee from Anacor for consulting; Received grant/research funds from Stiefel for investigator; Received grant/research funds from Astellas for investigator; Received grant/research funds from Ranbaxy for other; Received consulting fee from Ranbaxy for consulting.

Acknowledgements

The view(s) expressed herein are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U.S. Navy Medical Department, the U.S. Navy Office of the Surgeon General, the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government.

Porokeratosis Workup

Laboratory Studies

Histologic Findings

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